Thermodynamics and thermal conductivity

Category:

The training laboratory is designed for secondary and higher educational institutions.

The laboratory consists of the following equipment:

  1. NTC-14.57 “Thermodynamics. Inverse thermodynamic cycles (devices)”.
  2. NTC-14.61.B “Throttling. Gas flow in narrowing nozzle. Gas flow in Laval nozzle with MPMS”.
  3. NTC-14.79.B “Thermodynamic processes with microprocessor measurement system (MPMS)”.
  4. NTC-18.54 “The study of heat processes”.
  5. NTC-18.74.B “Investigation of heat transfer with MPMS”.
  6. NTC-22.05.1.B “Heat engineering and thermodynamics”.
  7. NTC-22.05.2.B “Fluid thermal engineering”.

NTC-14.57 “Thermodynamics. Inverse thermodynamic cycles (devices)”

The laboratory bench NTC-14.57 “Thermodynamics. Inverse thermodynamic cycles (devices)” is designed to be used as a teaching facility for practical laboratory tests in universities and specialized schools. 

The construction of the bench consists of a control and measuring unit and a test board.

The case of the control unit consists of: part of the electrical equipment, printed circuit boards, front panel, desktop tabletop.

The front panel of the control unit includes:

  • power switch and indicator;
  • functional switches;
  • digital indicators.

The test board is an aluminium frame on which the following equipment is mounted:

  • air conditioner (inverter split-system);
  • removable box (cooled space);
  • pressure converters;
  • temperature converters;
  • humidity sensor.

The test board equipment (internal and external split-system’s blocks) is available for visual training and maintenance. The internal block is covered by special case.

Experiments provided:

  1. The study of split-system.
  2. The study of the operating cycle of a refrigerator.
  3. Heat exchange during condensation and boiling.
  4. The study of air conditioner.
  5. The study of thermal pump operation
 

НТЦ-14.61.Б “Дросселирование. Течение газов в суживающем сопле. Течение газа в сопле Лаваля с МПСО”

The training laboratory system is designed for practical study of methods and measurements used in studying thermodynamic and heat transfer processes in gas streams.

The stand is implemented as a universal basic modular system with an integrated measuring system, a control module and a work surface for installing the units under study.

Structurally, the stand consists of three parts:

  • basis-stand;
  • compressor;
  • a set of interchangeable devices.

The basis-stand includes:

  • power mains input unit with short circuit protection and zero protection;
  • measuring system unit;
  • compressor control unit;
  • air flow meter;
  • ambient temperature sensor;
  • pressure Sensors.

The front panel is made of composite material. The schemes on the front panel are UV-printed and is resistant to mechanical and other influences. The front panel features:

  • stand power controls;
  • controls of operating actuators;
  • connectors for measuring circuits of plug-in modules;
  • USB port for connecting a measuring system to a PC.

The mounting area allows quick replacement of the studied plug-in modules. The mounting area features:

  • input pressure regulator;
  • input pressure gauge.

The output of the pressure regulator features a quick-disconnect connection. which allows quick connection of the studied modules without special tools.

The training system is supplied with PDInd-14.61 software, which is an interactive Windows application. The training system is connected to a PC via a USB port. After starting, the software automatically checks the connection and establishes a connection with the stand. While the software is running, the measured values are displayed on the computer screen in real time, allowing to automate the process of recording data. For each laboratory experiment, a special indication profile has been developed that outputs only the values used in the experiment. The software features the ability to copy or save the received data to a file for further value dependency graphs plotting in Microsoft Office Word or Microsoft Office Excel;

Experiments provided:

  1. The determining of velocity field of air swirl flow.
  2. Air flow in convergent nozzle.
  3. Air flow in Laval nozzle.
  4. Air throttling.
 

NTC-14.79.B “Thermodynamic processes with microprocessor measurement system (MPMS)”

The laboratory stand NTC-14.79.B is designed for studying thermodynamic processes at universities and secondary educational institutions at laboratory and practical courses.
 
The stand consists of a basement with an integrated tabletop. Electronic measuring devices and other electrical equipment are placed inside of the stand’s body. The following items are mounted on the basement:

  • integrated tabletop;
  • vertical working area with holes for quick assembly of attachments;
  • working panel with controllers and indication devices;

External source of compressed air (compressor) is connected to the stand.

The attachment is a two-way pneumocylinder set on the stand. Air feed and discharge system and strapping heating element are mounted on the pneumocylinder. The measurement system allows to measure pressure and temperature in the cylinder, atmospheric pressure and temperature.

Experiments provided:

  1. Investigation of isothermal process.
  2. Investigation of adiabatic process.
  3. Investigation of isobaric process.
  4. Investigation of isochoric process.
 

НТЦ-18.54 “Исследование тепловых процессов нагрева материалов”

The training laboratory system is designed as a educational equipment to carry out laboratory experiments to study “Heat processes and heat transfer” at Universities and specialized secondary schools.
 
Structurally, the stand consists of a housing with a part of electrical equipment, electronic boards, a front panel and a worktop of an integrated desktop are installed. A separate mobile side table has a high-temperature electric furnace with a built-in thermostat.

The following equipment is located inside:

  • step-down power transformer;
  • power supply +12 V (current 0.5 A), +5 V (current 0.5 A);
  • digital recording millivoltmeter-stopwatch board.

The electric circuit is shown on the front panel of the stand and the following equipment is installed:

  • circuit breaker block;
  • single-phase electricity meter;
  • indicators and controls of a memorizing millivoltmeter-stopwatch;
  • RS-485 interface connector from an electricity meter and a storage millivoltmeter-stopwatch;
  • signal cable connector from the furnace;
  • furnace power supply socket.

Measurements are recorded according to the readings of digital indicators of a millivoltmeter-stopwatch, own indicators of an electricity meter and a temperature regulator.

Experiments provided:

  1. The study of characteristics of the thermocouple EMF.
  2. The study of power characteristics of the uncharged muffle furnace.
  3. The study of power characteristics of the charged muffle furnace.
  4. The study of properties of different materials.
  5. Determining of the softening temperature of different materials.
 

NTC-18.74.B “Investigation of heat transfer with MPMS”

The training laboratory system is designed as a educational equipment to carry out laboratory experiments to study “Heat processes and heat transfer” at Universities and specialized secondary schools.
 
Structurally, the stand consists of a housing with electrical equipment is installed, a front panel and countertops of the integrated desktop, and four replaceable modules under study. Replaceable test modules with heating elements and temperature sensors are installed on the front perforated steel panel of the stand.

Replaceable studied modules NTC-18.74 / 01 (made of steel pipe filled with mineral wool) and NTC-18.74 / 02 (made of steel pipe filled with gypsum) are intended for alternate use in laboratory experiments No.1 and No.2.

The replaceable research module NTC-18.74 / 03 is intended for laboratory experiment No. 3 and No. 4. It has the ability of horizontal and vertical mounting. Also, the replaceable module НТЦ-18.74 / 03 is used alternately with the module НТЦ-18.74 / 04 (made of a copper pipe filled with shot) during laboratory experiments No. 5 and No. 6.

The following equipment is located inside:

  • digital temperature meter – 8 pcs.;
  • multi-tap step LATR – 1 pc.;
  • step-down transformer – 1 pc.

A power switch and LED indication of power-on, network fuses, a digital wattmeter, switching equipment for turning on and controlling the LATR, allowing changing the heating intensity of heating elements during laboratory experiments, are installed on the stand panel. Temperature meters have a USB interface for connecting to a computer. Digital instruments provide measurement of electrical active power with class 1 accuracy.

Experiments provided:

  1. Determination of coefficient of thermal conductivity of different building materials (module NTC-18.74/01).
  2. Dependence of coefficient of thermal conductivity of different building materials on temperature (module NTC-18.74/02).
  3. Investigation of heat transfer coefficient from horizontal pipe (module NTC-18.74/03).
  4. Investigation of heat transfer coefficient from vertictal pipe (module NTC-18.74/03).
  5. Blackness and surface emissivity distribution of two different materials (module NTC-18.74/04).
  6. Determination of the dependence of the degree of surface blackness on temperature (module NTC-18.74/04).

NTC-22.05.1.B “Heat engineering and thermodynamics”

The universal laboratory bench NTC-22.05.1.B “Heat engineering and thermodynamics” is performed as a basis with integrated measurement system, control module and work surface for installation of investigated blocks.

Constructively the bench consists of a body, where electrical equipment, electronic boards, frontal panel and tabletop are installed.

The body contains:

  • power source with short circuit and neutral protection ;
  • measurement system;
  • voltage controllers (smooth adjustment, overload and short circuit protection);
  • storage of hot and cold water with automatic stabilization of specified temperature (2 pcs.);
  • circulation pumps;
  • vacuum pump;
  • air temperature sensor;
  • atmospheric pressure sensor;
  • electromagnetic valves for changing the direction of fluid flow.

On the frontal panel the following items are located:

  • bench power source controllers;
  • actuating mechanisms controllers;
  • sockets for connecting interchangeable modules measurement circuits;
  • socket for connecting interchangeable modules power circuits;
  • sockets for connecting interchangeable modules measurement and power circuits;
  • USB port for connecting measurement system to PC;
  • wiring field for investigated devices (780×600 mm).

Wiring field allows hot change of the modules investigated without special tools and it’s firm enough to fix them. The following elements are located there:

  • hot water flow controller;
  • cold water flow controller;
  • pressure controller;
  • circulation pumps outputs;
  • vacuum pump output;
  • compressor output.

The outputs of circulation pumps, vacuum pump, compressor are quick disconnectable.

Measurement system includes the following sensors:

  • temperature sensors (11 pcs.);
  • pressure sensors (including differential, 4 pcs.);
  • heat transfer rate meter (1 pc.);
  • fluid flow meter (2 pcs.);
  • air flow meter (1 pc.);
  • electric power meter (1 pc.).

Measurement system characteristics:

  • temperature measurement accuracy – 0.5 ◦С;
  • electric power measurement accuracy – 0,5W;
  • other measurements accuracy – 2%;

Measurement system provides hot and cold water temperature stabilization in storage tank. There’s a possibility of PC connection via USB port to transfer all the information.

The bench is supplied with software and methodical documentation.

The supplied software provides:

  • automatic bench-to-PC connection;
  • real-time visual representation of required data on a PC display.
  • grouping of the data displayed depending on the work conducted, hiding unnecessary data;
  • automatic registration of the data received and writing it in the table;
  • possibility to copy or save data for post-processing.

Experiments provided:

  1. Investigation of thermal conductivity of materials using the plate method (module NTC-22.05.1/1).
  2. Investigation of heat transfer by natural convection of the air near the horizontal cylinder (module NTC-22.05.1/2).
  3. Investigation of heat transfer by natural convection of the air near the vertical cylinder (module NTC-22.05.1/3).
  4. Investigation of heat transfer by forced air movement in pipe (module NTC-22.05.1/4).
  5. Investigation of adiabatic gas outflow through narrowing nozzle (module NTC-22.05.1/5).
  6. Determination of emissivity coefficient of eletcroconductive materials using the calorimetric method (module NTC-22.05.1/6).
  7. Investigation of heat process in tube-in-tube heat exchanger (module NTC-22.05.1/7).
  8. Determination of viscosity aircoefficient (module NTC-22.05.1/8).
  9. Determination of thermal capacities with a fixed pressure and fixed amount attitudes (module NTC-22.05.1/9).
  10. Studying of the technical heat exchanger (module NTC-22.05.2/2).
 

NTC-22.05.2.B “Fluid thermal engineering”

The laboratory equipment is designed for using as educational laboratory equipment at universities and secondary educational institutions at laboratory works. It allows to investigate  heat exchange processes with fluid flowing in a pipe or in a heat exchanger.
 
Constructively the stand consists of a body, where electrical equipment, electronic boards, frontal panel and tabletop are installed. 
 
The body contains: 
  • power source +24 V; +12 V; +5 V;
  • measurement system;
  • thyristor voltage controllers 0-80V, 10А (2 pcs.);
  • storage of hot and cold water with automatic stabilisation of specified temperature (2 pcs.);
  • circulation pumps (2 pcs.);
  • electromagnetc valves changing the direction of liquid flow.
On the frontal panel the following items are installed: 
  • actuating mechanisms controllers;
  • measurement system indicators (6 pcs.);
  • wiring field for investigated devices (780×600 mm).
Measurement system includes the following sensors: 
  • temperature sensors (4 pcs.);
  • fluid flow meter (2 pcs.).
Software and methodical documentation supplemented to the stand: 
  • methodical and technical documentation set intended for academic staff;
  • student testing program for laboratory work authorisation. It tests both theoretical knowledge and knowledge regarding the laboratory work contents. As a result student gets mark. 

Experiments provided:

  1. Study of heat transfer in fluid flow in a pipe (module NTC-22.05.2/1).
  2. Study of “tube-in-tube” heat exchanger (module NTC-22.05.2/1).
  3. Study of operation of heat exchanger in direct flow and counter flow (module NTC-22.05.2/1).
  4. Study of technical heat exchanger (module NTC-22.05.2/2).